Journal response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Journal response - Essay Example Unstable governments induce poverty. Socialism focuses on a centrally planned economy. Lack of freedom in the society agitates poverty and insecurity. Rigid and unproductive government sprouts from dictatorship and lack of socialism, economic underdevelopment, devastation of war and reject from other countries affect the application of socialism. Socialism depends on the people’s contribution and inputs. Lenin focuses on the mass participation in the social economic and political roll of their government. From my understanding, cold war accounted for economic socialism and political authentication. Socio- economic policies influence freedom and dictatorship of any regime. British and the Anglo-French had capitalistic rivalry because of their difference in ideologies that brought about rivalry. Introduction of socio- economic policies and unity helped end tension between the two (Luxemburg 1961). In conclusion, socialism secures freedom. In-cooperation of socialism links to the end of poor government regimes and cold war. Public opinion and democracy mobilize freedom and socialism, mass involvement and decision making in socio-political matters benefits the economic

How to Develop a Plan That Really Works Case Study

How to Develop a Plan That Really Works - Case Study Example Boeing uses four main types of plans: strategic, tactical, operational and contingency plans. Strategic planning is important as it determines the directions and strategic priorities of the corporation. Recent years, Boeing develops its strategic plans in accordance with Federal regulations and bankruptcy laws namely the Federal Acquisition Regulation and Cost Accounting Standards. For Boeing, strategic alternatives may be generated at all levels in the organization's hierarchy. At the organizational level, alternatives are concerned with the form of government, its basic style and policies, and its central service delivery purpose and strategy. At the department level, alternatives deal with the direction the organization should follow for each major service being delivered (Bryson 2004). At the division level, alternatives are concerned with the direction the organization should take in regard to discrete systems, processes, methods, and approaches. As the strategic planning proces s is being contemplated, criteria should be established as to how the plan will be evaluated. Criteria such as reduced cost, improved quality, improved sense of direction, better teamwork, and improved service delivery might be used. Organizations need to be aware of what is happening in their environment that might affect them. In other words, they should continually survey and monitor the outside as well as the inside of the organization (Bradford et al 2000). Strategic planning is influenced by social responsibility issues including ethical concerns and fair competition laws. Special attention is given at competition and advertising, macroenvironment and compliance with international laws. "Global corporate citizenship is one of Boeing's core values, and our communities are among the key stakeholders in the company's business model. Corporate citizenship is as integral to our company as our expertise in flight and technology" (Boeing Home Page 2008). Factors to be considered as part of the macro-environmental scanning process include social factors such as demographics, financial factors such as interest rates, and political factors such as increasing government deregulation, changing federalism and state government's trends, and regulations. Among the factors to be considered as part of the government, an environment is the number and locations of other governments, the degree of federal and state government presence, the typical service s being provided, and the marketing strategies of other competitive local governments. The competitive-environmental scan includes consideration of general competitor profiles (other local governments and private service providers), market segmentation patterns, research and development, and so on (Bryson 2004).

Economic and Employment Impacts of Tourism

Economic and Employment Impacts of Tourism Tourism Impacts Tourism is regarded as an industry with enormous economic impacts that has been widely studied from a variety of research perspectives. Over the past decade, the interest in tourism development as a regional economic development strategy plan has been increasing rapidly as tourism is now being seen as potential basic industry that provided local employments opportunities, tax revenues and economic diversity (Gursoy et al, 2002; Getz,1986; Jurowski et al, 1997). The travel and tourism industry today is the worlds largest and most diverse business factor where a report by the UNWTO stated that in 2014 there were 1133 million of total international tourist arrivals and US $1245 billion receipts worldwide. The importance of the tourism industry is served as a main source of generating revenues, employment, private sector growth and infrastructure development in many countries (Gee, 1999; Chen Wei, 2009). Studies on the impacts of tourism have demonstrated that a destinations population acknowledges the economic and social benefits and also the cost of tourism on the respective community and lives (Murphy, 1985; Harvey et al, 1995; Jurowski et al, 1997; Choi and Sirakaya, 2006; Dyer et al, 2007). Furthermore, the impacts studies that were emerged during the 1960s drew more emphasis on the economic growth that acted as a form of national development which could be measure in terms of Gross National Product (GDP), rate of employment and the multiplier effect (Krannich et al, 1989). However, some researchers have emerged with some drawbacks of the impact of tourism in local community in terms of economy and ecological vulnerability (Briguglio et al, 2000; Briguglio, 2004; Sutton; 1999; Sutton, 2001). According to the Inter-Organisation Committee (IOC) (1994) the following types of the impact of tourism that needed to be considered is: social, cultural, demographic and economic. The IOC also stated that the focus should be on the more significant impacts, information and appropriate measures should be used and the impacts should be provided in a way that it can be understood by decision makers and leaders. The positive and negative aspects of tourism development may be referred as a chain of impacts with different linkages and is illustrated as a conceptual form in Figure 2.4. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the effects of the tourism expansion on the economy and briefly understand the mechanisms that bring out the effects of each link in the i mpact chain. In the next section, the major positive and negative impacts of tourism development will be discussed and Table 2.0 will provide a summarized list of the major positive and negative impacts of tourism on a country. Economic Impacts Tourism play an important role in stimulating economic growth by creating jobs, provide foreign exchange, enhance technology, produce return on investment for emerging countries and improve living standards in different countries (Eadington et al, 1991). Hall et al (2008) indicates that the tourism industry has the largest value in the worlds industry and it is a more effective way in expanding business and increase income than any other sectors compared. The tourism industry acts as an invisible export medium that brings in wealth which is used to toward the contribution of balancing payment, production, account deficit and employment. In 2012, the tourism industry generated 8% of employment worldwide (Candela and Figini, 2012). Eadington and Redman (1991) concluded that countries such as Ireland, the Caribbean and Egypt used the income from tourism to improve their economic development whereas country like Cambodia, tourism is one of the major source of income for future economic d evelopment. However, the development of tourism can also reduce the dependency on primary merchandise as a source of export earnings. Brown (1998) stated that over-dependency on a single source of income can be very risky. Employment Impact The tourism industry continues to grow into one of the most dynamic economic sectors according to the UNWTO as it acts as a reliable tool for sustainable job creation. Many studies have concluded that after several research that tourism does help in increasing the amount of jobs (Davis et al, 1988; Tosun, 2002; Weaver Lawton, 2001). Tyrrell and Sheldon (1984) discovered that the creation of jobs was one of the four most frequently mentioned benefits of tourism. However, Turner and Sears (2014) stated that the travel and tourism sector is a leading employment creator all around the world by employing more than 98 million people and representing around 3% of total world employment. The employment rate in this sector keeps on growing and is more likely to stay high. For example, Table 2.1. displays the tabulated date retrieved from Figure 2.5. i.e. between 2012 and 2022 the estimated creation of extra jobs is listed as 63 million. Tourism being a service industry, is mostly argued to be labour intensive in nature and that one major impact of tourism is that it acts as an engine for employment creation. However, Mathieson and Wall (1982) stated that such employment can be classified into 3 categories: Direct Employment Direct employment occurs as a result of tourism expenditure. Front offices in hotels, restaurant, travel agencies, tourism information offices, aircrafts, cruise line, resorts or shopping outlets provide direct employment because their employees are in contact with tourist and cater for tourist demand.

The Reason Behind the Flooding of Great Salt Lake Essay -- Terry Willi

The Reason Behind the Flooding of Great Salt Lake In Refuge, Terry Tempest Williams blames a natural disaster—the overflowing of the Great Salt Lake in Utah--for the destruction of the place she loved most in the world, the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge. What Williams attempts to explain, however, is that this disaster wasn’t really â€Å"natural† at all. Refuge is critiqued by some for being over-dramatized, and Terry Tempest Williams is often criticized for blaming the world and others for the loss of the bird refuge. In fact, Williams is correct when she says that humans are responsible for the flooding of Salt Lake, which was caused by the construction of a railroad causeway that split Great Salt Lake into two bodies of water. The author is not a reckless finger-pointer, she is a realist. In describing the bird refuge before the flooding, Williams goes into great detail about the abundance of birds and vegetation that inhabited her paradise: â€Å"Avocets and black-necked stilts are knee deep in water alongside interstate 80. Flocks of California gulls stand on a disappearing beach†¦I inhale the salty air. It is like ocean, even the lake is steel-blue with whitecaps†(Williams 30). In a visit to the bird refuge with her grandmother, she describes the refuge as a place full of life, with countless birds among beautiful plants and wildlife. Indeed, the bird refuge was a sanctuary to her; there was something magical, she writes, about seeing the thousands of different birds in one place, a sight that kept her going back. The rise of Great Salt Lake engulfed the refuge, and as the flooding continued, the population of birds plummeted, Williams’ sanctuary turned into a graveyard filled with only memories of the birds she grew ... ...e the ones most affected by flooding, are also those where the poorest residents live. In 1987, three pumps were used to pump 800,000 acres of water into the West Pond of Salt Lake in an attempt to even out the water levels on the two sides of the lake. This effort to fix the lakes’ problems, which cost $60 million, became known as the West Desert Pumping Project. The project went on for more than two years, until 2.7 million acre-feet of water, containing 695 million tons of salt, were pumped out. (www.ugs.state.ut.us/online/PI-39/pi39pg08 ) These pumps were successful in balancing the lake’s water levels, and remain on standby in case of another disastrous rise. It remains to be seen, however, whether this corrective measure will restore Great Salt Lake’s wildlife—and particularly the birds that Terry Tempest Williams treasured—to their pre-causeway levels.

How poverty effected mozrts music and life… Essay

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart had been one of the most prolific musicians of all times. Mozart was the son of Leopold and Anna Maria Mozart and he was born in Salzburg Austria. At the young age of four Mozart already showed his prowess in music and it is in this regard that his father, Leopold (also a renowned musician) had been so proud of him and did everything in his power to expose Mozart into the musical field. (Moss, 2007). Mozart had been a great success in the field of music and tons of people admired his prowess in composing music as well as on his ability to master many musical instruments. It is in this regard that at the age of fifteen Mozart earned a post in the orchestra that works for the Archbishop of Salzburg. However things did not work well between the Archbishop and Mozart and thus Mozart was kicked from his position and left the archbishop’s premises even though it is against his father’s wishes. Mozart had also been a success in Vienna even after he had grown up. However, life did not bode well with Mozart in spite of all his successes in his musical career. Poverty had been one of Mozart’s constant companions during most of his life especially since he do not know how to manage his money well and also according to his mother he would give almost all of his money to his friends if one would only let him be. (Chew, 2007) In spite of Mozart’s brilliance in the field of music he was snubbed in the court of England. Thus, he went to Manheim wherein he met and fell in love with Aloysia Weber. However, life had not been kind to him as his mother died in Paris and he was also rejected by Aloysia. (Microsoft Encarta, 2001). However, even though he lost his job in the Archbishop’s place he still continued living in Vienna. And from there in the year of 1782, he composed the Abduction from the Seraglio which had been a great success. Following that, he married the sister of Aloysia, Constanze. However, poverty did not make their lives any easier and it made it even harder by Mozart’s constant illnesses. Poverty greatly affected Mozart’s life as well as musical career. It is due to poverty and through lack of patronage that his music for the years to follow had not been very popular and consistent. It is in this regard that Mozart was forced to rely on the kindness of his friends in order to continue to survive. Mozart returned to his teaching careers since income from his performance had not been very steady. Poverty even forced him to stop performing and thus he spent most of his time writing compositions. However, in spite of his many compositions money still did not trudge their way. It is hard to believe that after living a life of extravagance and luxury Mozart died in illness and poverty. One of the primary reasons why Mozart’s music ceased to be a success in Vienna is the fact that people found his music too complex and thus in his latter life of poverty Mozart adapted simplicity on to his music making Vienna love his music once more. However, Mozart still died at the early age of 35 and he died full of debts and still living a life of poverty. It was said that Mozart was buried in an unmarked grave. Mozart’s influenced reached musicians such as Haydn, Schubert, and Strauss. (Encyclopedia Brittanica). Basically, poverty greatly affected Mozart’s life. Used to living an extravagant life he was reduced to a life almost similar to that of a pauper. Due to poverty Mozart was forced to stop doing the thing he most wants to do (performing in public). However, Mozart did not let poverty rob him of the right to compose music and thus in spite of his poor life he still managed to compose a lot of musical items. Although poverty made Mozart and his family’s life hard, it still did not lessened Mozart’s genius in terms of music and thus he still went on writing music that is nice on the ears and he even remedied the one flaw Vienna public found on his music (his music being too complex for the people of Vienna). Thus, to conclude even though poverty has greatly affected Mozart’s life and musical career he still went on doing what he knows best (even though he was struck with poverty and certain illnesses), composing. References: Chew, R. (2007). Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Austrian Composer [Electronic Version] from http://www. lucidcafe. com/library/96jan/mozart. html. Encyclopedia Brittanica. WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART [Electronic Version] from http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9108745/Wolfgang-Amadeus-Mozart. Microsoft Encarta. (2001). Wolfgang Amadeaus Mozart [Electronic Version] from http://home. comcast. net/~cjwin1/ilike/mozart/mozart. html. Moss, C. K. (2007). Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [Electronic Version] from http://www. carolinaclassical. com/articles/mozart. html.

Does Television Viewing Affect Academic Performance

The insights and understanding about of this study will serves as reference to the behavior of 4th and 5th graders of Mill Creek Intermediate School watching television and its relationship to their academic performance. The approach conducted to come up with the resolutions for this topic was made through survey method. The sample size used to acquire data of the normal percent of the group was 50 respondents for 4th graders and 50 respondents for 5th graders. The equal number size of respondents for this survey will be able to compare the subject level of differences and rationalization of the selective topic.To acquired weighing result for this paper, the following determining factors were used for this survey: the profile of respondent, the program watched, duration of television viewing, and the timeslot usually watched in television. For evaluating the academic performance, the overall grade, grade per subject and overall performance in school was considered. Impression for thi s topic will answer the reader’s interest of the school age behavior towards their study and leisure moments by watching television. Data Television is one of the powerful tools of the generation.It was invented to give entertainment, to educate and delivers information of the things around us. Television carries message through variety of programs that evolves significant impression to the viewer’s way of life. For children, television is a mechanism that creates connection to their personal and social values at home and with their environment. Children also can rely on the as parents guidance in the program content they were watching. It explained that children were able to acquire learning through adults. Wherein, adults can define the level of literacy in providing right topics to be discussed for the children (Media Form, 2007).Through television, the audio-visual interpretation operates to psychological impact obtaining the high degree of recall acquired from the message being watched and it was cited in Psychological Operations Field Manual No. 33-1(1979) and Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Media Sub course PO-0816 (1983). The medium communication delivers to the viewers give impressions to what the personality that a child could be acquired and learned. As Dimitri Christakis cites studies in which more than 5,000 children also found that â€Å"pro-social† programs (think â€Å"Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood†) make children kinder and more tolerant.In fact, the linkage between good behavior and watching good programming is as strong as the link between bad behavior and bad programming. (Christakis, 2007) Based on the conducted survey, Table 1 shows that male respondent of the 4th graders answers that program with actions, suspense, adventures and violent cartoon programs in Animax appeals to them. However, female respondents prefers program that are bubbly funny in character, fiction and fairy tale programs like Disney Channel. Mo st of them render time of 3-4 hours watching television after classes which is in the afternoon. About their academic performance, both genders are doing well.As compared to 5th graders, they are more likely focus on their class standing. (See figure 1). RESPONDENTS 4th Grade 5th Grade Male 35 29 Female 15 21 Frequency of watching television 50 50 PROGRAM WATCHED Nickelodeon 5 7 Cartoon Network 13 11 Disney Channel 11 16 Animax (Japanese Anime) 19 13 Others 2 3 DURATION OF TELEVISION WATCHING 1-2 hrs. 12 28 3-4 hrs. 26 17 5-6 hrs. 10 4 7-8 hrs. 2 1 TIMESLOT USUALLY WATCHED Morning (5am-11am) 7 5 Afternoon (3-5pm) 39 43 Evening (6-8pm) 4 2 Watching TV before studying lessons in school 31 21 Studying lessons in school before Watching TV 19 29 SUBJECTS WITH THE HIGHEST GRADESEnglish 15 15 History 15 19 Math 12 13 Science 12 13 Others 8 3 Table 1. Television viewing habits of 100 respondents for both 4th & 5th graders Figure 1. 5th Graders excel more in academic than 4th Graders Based o n the conducted survey as well as interviews on both respondents, children who watched television before studying their lessons, and sleep after studying their lessons made them recall their lessons in the morning class. On the other hand, children who studying their lessons before watching television and sleep after that, made them remember the programs they have watched in the morning class. (See table 1).Since television viewing can interfere with the completion of homework assignments and reduce the amount of sleep a child gets as it shows in the duration of television watching (See table 1), excessive viewing could affect the child's grades and alertness in school, this can be showed on the lowest grades acquired by both graders in the Figure 1. However, through this survey, research found out that the amount of time which children spend on homework or studies after watching television is significantly related to how they performed in school which can be seen on the highest gra des of the respondents (See figure 1).Through performing activities (Refer table 1) done by the respondents (4th & 5th graders) showed how the affect of television viewing formed and make significance to their academic performance. Through the kind of programs that the respondents were watching as it showed to this study, connects understanding to the kind of attitude and values they have and hold as they get along with their everyday life. Research tells also that 5th grader respondents were more motivated in performing homework assignments/studies before watching television. (See table 1). They are also aware of their academic performance as compares to 4th grader.According to the Human Development biology, this is the stage wherein the child to this previous phase is called schoolchild (schoolboy or schoolgirl), when still of primary school age of 10-12. (2007), this may also the reason, of having erratic emotional transformation with regards to personal sets of values about his/ her environmental viewpoints as well as social relationship. As connoted by Clark Hull â€Å"humans have internal biological needs which motivate us to perform a certain way†. These needs, or drives, are defined by Hull as internal states of arousal or tension which must be reduced.(Hull 1943, 1952) Like in my opinion, television for children surface as need for them. Television is an art, a way to entertainment and makes fantasies of the social approvals as what they see on advertisement move along with the programs their viewing. From television viewing, it creates impressions on the programs that significantly affected to their values as they growing up. The need for providing quality-oriented programming for children is obvious. It is the responsibilities of parents or significant member of the family to give information same with guidance of things that the children viewing on television.Conclusion This paper has discussed vitality role of television viewing, which creat es affect on the academic performance of the children if not guided by their parents or significant people in their lives. Evidences and data pertains to the scope of this study also explained that the range of television viewing in long hours can make too much effect on the education of the children. It also affirmed to the idea that the relations of television viewing in the academic skills depend primarily on the content of the programs viewed.Television content brings good and bad effects in manner if not in used accordingly by the viewers. As it discussed on survey results and interviews (See table 1 and figure 1), more of the graders said that their habitual pattern on the activities like television viewing between studying lesson showed emphasis like this: watched TV ? then studying their lesson ? after that sleep. As they attend to the morning class the retention of the studied lessons appeared to be the first chance of recalling than the programs they have watched on televi sion.Though, we cannot completely deny the fact that they still remembered the programs they have watched but when they are in class, the subjects and lessons surface than TV programs. Then again, because the topic discussed were about the subjects/lessons which possible studied before sleep. In spite of that, if the other pattern goes like this: studying their lesson ? watched TV ? after that sleep. The type of TV program that was watched before sleeping, have this probability to recall than the studied lesson. Still, we cannot deny the fact that it’s a school setting, wherein the topic to be discussed is related to lessons.However, we cannot also deny that sometimes we captivated on the TV programs we watched before sleep. The order of habit in television watching sometimes affects recall. It also sometimes the reason that children have absent-minded as they say, â€Å"physically present but mentally absent†. Therefore this research concluded that, having academicall y excellence in education for 4th and 5th graders depend on the significant people like parents who can give proper guidance and training as the habits of television viewing is primarily concerned.Likewise, the attention learned from television viewing can manifest to the values of children as they grow old and matured. Recommendations The lessons thought from this study, can enlightened the following people’s concern: 1. For TV avid viewers, this study will give you insights about the system of prioritizing, organizing and knowing the value of scheduling in terms of TV viewing and studying. 2. For the future reader of this research, allow this to be your reference in the continuance of discovering more about this conducted study. 3.For my respondents who participated well to make this study explain the kind of behavior we showed in regards of relationship in television viewing as well as our performance as student in school. 4. For parents and guardian, this is a good readin g tool for having recognized our role for our children as they make television viewing a habit. 5. For my fellow classmates, may this work effort explain well and be another idea for understanding the cause and effect of television in our education. 6. For the teachers, educators and trainers, this paper will serves as an additional input for widening the virtue of education to the lives of students.

PSAT Test Dates 2016 Full Guide

PSAT Test Dates 2016 Full Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you planning to take the PSAT in the fall of 2016? This guide will fill you in on the exact test dates, along with some essential tips for achieving a great PSAT score. If you’re a rising junior or taking the PSAT as a younger student, read on to learn how the PSAT will be administered to students nationwide. How Is the PSAT Administered? You don’t get muchchoice when it comes to taking the PSAT. The test is administered across the country on a given date, and the majority of students take it on a weekday at their high school. While you can choose your test dates and testing centers when you sign up for the SAT, you don’t have this same flexibility or chance to register for the PSAT. College Board designates three official testing dates in October or early November. The vast majority of schools use the primary test date, but there are two alternatives in case the main one doesn’t work. So what are the primary and alternative test dates for the PSAT in 2016? What Are the PSAT Test Dates 2016? Here are the 2016 PSAT test dates. Your school will just choose one. Primary PSAT test date: October 19, 2016 (a Wednesday) Alternate PSAT test date: November 2, 2016 (a Wednesday) Saturday PSAT test date: October 15, 2016 (a Saturday) Your high school will register for one of the above test dates (in most cases, the primary test date) and let you know in advance. The alternate test dates, by the way, are only available to accommodate your high school’s schedule. Students can’t choose the alternate or Saturday test date, but instead must take the PSAT on the day that their school chooses. With the PSAT only administered on one day, you might have a concern that comes to mind: what if you’re sick or absent that day? If you're sick on the PSAT test date, don't worry! You will be able to schedule a makeup test. What If You Miss the PSAT? It is possible to make up the PSAT if you miss it. If you’re absent on test day, then you would need to contact the National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC) by March 1 via a written request. According to NMSC’s website, â€Å"The student or a school official must write to NMSC as soon as possible after the PSAT/NMSQT administration to request information about procedures for entry to NMSC competitions by alternate testing. The earlier NMSC receives the written request, the greater the student’s opportunities for meeting alternate entry requirements. To be considered, a request must be postmarked no later than March 1 following the PSAT/NMSQT administration that was missed. NMSC will provide alternate entry materials including an entry form that requires the signature of a school official.† While you can set up a makeup test if you miss the official PSAT date, should you? That all depends on how much you’d benefit from taking the official test and whether or not you’re aiming for National Merit. If you’re a junior who has been prepping for the test with the goal of achieving distinction or a scholarship, then you should certainly set up a makeup test. If you really want the official College Board testing experience before you sit for the SAT, furthermore, then you should also try to reschedule. If you’re not aiming for National Merit, though, then you don’t necessarily have to make up the PSAT. You might just take a PSAT practice test on your own time under simulated testing conditions, score your test, and prepare for the SAT that way. If you miss the PSAT, then you should think about your academic goals and whether it makes sense for you to schedule another test. Assuming you do make your official test date and take the test, when would you get your PSAT scores back? Before you go on winter break, you get an early present: your PSAT score report! When Do You Get 2016 PSAT Scores? While 2015 test-takers had to wait until January for their PSAT, 2016 test-takers should get theirs back in mid-December. College Board hasn’t gotten any more specific about the PSAT score release date yet, but we’ll update as soon as we’ve got the info. At this point, we know that you should be able to access your PSAT scores online through your College Board account a little less than two months after taking the test. Once you get your PSAT scores, how can you make the most of your score report? Read on to learn how your PSAT resultscan help you make steps toward the future. What Should You Do With Your PSAT Scores? Your PSAT score report is important for two main reasons. First, it gives you feedback about how much you need to prep for the SAT. Second, it tells you if you might qualify for National Merit distinction and scholarships. Let’s take a closer look at both of these important functions of your PSAT score report. Your move (once you get your PSAT results). #1: Use Your PSAT Score Report to Prep for the SAT The PSAT and SAT are very similar tests. They share the same content and question types, and they test the same academic and time management skills. How you do on the PSAT can help you figure out your strengths and weaknesses as a test-taker. After some self-reflection, you can use your performance to plan your best approach to prepping for the SAT. Once you get your PSAT score report, take some time to figure out what it’s telling you. Look at your scores in each section, as well as the more specific subscores that give you insight into certain skill areas and question types. Figure out where you did well and where you could use some more practice. As you study for the SAT, target your weak areas so you can improve for next time. You may need to learn new concepts, cut down on careless errors, speed up your efficiency, or work onall three of these areas. Your PSAT score report gives you valuable insight into what you can do to boost your scores when you eventually take the SAT. Did you manage to reach the tasty carrot that is National Merit? #2: Use Your Score Report to See If You Qualify for National Merit When you’re a junior, you’ll take the PSAT/NMSQT, the latter part of which stands for National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test. Students who score in the top 3 to 4% achieve the distinction of National Merit Commended Scholar, while students who score in the top 1% are named Semifinalists and may even move on to become Finalists and get scholarship money. Achieving such a high score on the PSAT is no small feat, and if National Merit is in your sights, then you’ll probably spend a good amount of time studying and preparing to take the PSAT. Once you take the test and get your score report, you’ll be able to see whether your hard-earned efforts paid off. Since the PSAT was redesigned in 2015, we don’t yet have the exact state-by-state cutoffs to determine National Merit Semifinalist. We do have our state-by-state estimates based on last year’s data, which you can check out in our National Merit Semifinalist guide. If you’re taking the PSAT in 2016, then you’re in luck! NMSC should release the exact state cutoffs in September, so you’ll be able to go into the test with a clear sense of what you need to achieve (give or take a few points to account for year-to-year fluctuations) to qualify for National Merit distinction and a PSAT scholarship. Want to get a head start on the PSAT NMQST? We have the industry's leading PSAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Whether or not you’re aiming for National Merit, you’d benefit from preparing for the PSAT. You’ll brush up on core academic concepts, boost your scores, and get ready for the SAT. Read on for six key study tips to guide your preparation for the PSAT. No time like the present to get started!According to this clock, the present time has something to do with Leo, Aries, andAquarius. Prepping for the PSAT: 6 Key Tips The PSAT is a challenging test, and studying for it requires you to cover a lot of ground. To pace yourself, you should ideally start studying three to four months in advance of your test date. You might start even earlier, depending on where you start and what score you’re hoping to achieve. Some students take it even earlier than 11th grade for extra practice. Whatever age you are, you’ll benefit from following these six study tips as you get ready for the PSAT. #1: Learn All About the Test Your very first step in prepping for the PSAT is simple: learn about the test. Learn how the exam is formatted, how many sections there are, and how much time you get in each. Once you have a sense of its general structure, look more closely at each individual section to see what concepts eachincludes (for example, algebra, yes; advanced calculus, no) and what types of questions it asks. Here are justa few of the questions you should answer as you acquaint yourself with your new friend, the PSAT: How much time do you get per section? How many questions are in each section? What math concepts does it test? What’s the difference between the Math No Calculator and Math with Calculator sections? What grammar rules do you need to know for the Writing section? What are the different question types in the Reading section? How is the PSAT scored? As you learn about the test, take notes on what concepts you feel confident with and which ones need more review. If something looks completely unfamiliar, definitely make a note of it. You might be able to ask a teacher or friendto go over the concept, get a tutor, or learn it on your own with PSAT prep materials. Learning about the PSAT is a key first step as you prepare for test day. You can begin to figure out your strengths and weaknesses and design your own personal study plan. Find a quiet place to take your practice test, free from distractions. #2: Take and Analyze Practice Tests Once you’ve developed a general understanding of the PSAT, you should take a practice test to diagnose your current scoring level. Use an official College Board practice test, sit in a quiet room with no distractions, and time yourself and take breaks just as you would during the real test. When you finish, take the time to calculate your scores. These scores will give you concrete feedback on your performance in each of the four sections. This diagnostic practice test will give you clear insight into your current scoring level and where you need toimprove to boost your scores. #3: Target Your Weak Areas Once you’ve taken and scored your PSAT practice test, you should comb through the questions and take notes on the ones that were easy, confusing, or difficult. Circle any questions that you made a mistake on or were unsure about, and then try to findthe reason behind your uncertainty. Did you not understand what a word problem was asking? Did you make a mistake with your calculations? Did you miss a grammar rule or not know how to solve a linear function? Did you go too fast and make a careless error or find yourself running out of time? Once you root out the reasons behind your mistakes, you can figure out your weaknesses and target them as you study. Fill in any gaps in knowledge and improve your efficiency as a test-taker. Simply taking PSAT practice tests over and over again isn’t going to help you improve much if you don’t take a targeted approach to your studying. Find strategies that help you work fast while still maintaining accuracy. #4: Practice Time Management Strategies Doing well on the PSAT isn’t just about possessing the requisite academic knowledge. It’s also about managing your time efficiently. Taking a timed test can be tough for a lot of people, but it’s a learned skill like any other. In other words, even if you start out feeling frazzled and rushing, you can learn to better manage your time as you practice. There are several time management strategies you can try, and different approaches work for different students. Some people like to skim the reading comprehension questions before they read the passage, for instance, while others start with a quick read-through. As you prepare, try out various strategies, like process of elimination, and hone in on the tactics that best speed up your test-taking. #5: Use High-Quality Practice Materials The PSAT is an idiosyncratic test, unlike most other tests that you’ll take in high school. As you prepare, make sure that your practice materials accurately reflect what you’ll get on test day. Simply understanding how to solve linear function problems, for example, may not get you very far if you’re unfamiliar with what PSAT linear function problems look like. College Board has released two official â€Å"new† PSAT tests. You can also use eight â€Å"old† official PSAT tests; just make sure to ignore the question types, like sentence completions, that are no longer relevant. You can also use books from test prep companies, like Barron’s. They have high quality, realistic material, though no models can be quite as accurate as what comes from the test makers themselves. Finally, you might use new SAT practice materials to prep for the PSAT. The two tests are very similar, with the SAT featuring slightly more advanced material and a somewhat different scoring scale. College Board offers eight free official SAT practice tests, and Khan Academy has free online SAT practice. Whatever you end up using to supplement the free College Board materials, make sure to be selective and choose books or online questions that will give you an accurate sense of the question types you’ll get on test day. Embracing a growth mindset is like a mental magic trick that helps you improve. #6: Embrace Your Growth Mindset This last tip has to do with your psychology, and it’s something that’s useful forall areas of your life, not just prepping for the PSAT. Having a growth mindset means that you believe you can learn and improve. Even if you can't do something now, you believe that you'll be able to do it with enough practice. It’s all too easy for people to give up on their academic goals with statements like, â€Å"I’m not a good test taker† or â€Å"I’m not a math person.† This line of thinking shows a fixed mindset. It suggests that you exist atone static, constant level and will always stay there. You know what you know, and there’s nothing you can do to add to it. Of course, we’re all constantly changing and developing, so this fixed mindset is little more thana defeatist attitude. The PSAT is a tough test, but taking it is a skill like any other. Anyone can improve with practice and effort. Coincidentally, you’ll probably improve even more if you believe you can improve than you would if you’re skeptical of the learning process. A growth mindset doesn’t just help you show up to your books and put in the effort; it also maximizes the effects of yourefforts. Even if you get discouraged along the way, remind yourself that you can always make progress over time. Where you are today is not where you’ll be tomorrow. Remember these key takeaways as you start down the path of PSAT prep. Taking the PSAT: Key Takeaways Most juniors take the PSAT automatically, and younger students may also ask to take it for extra practice. Your high school will choose your PSATdate from three options given by College Board. In all likelihood, you’ll take the PSAT at your high school on a Wednesday in mid-October. After you take the PSAT, you’ll have to wait until mid-December to see your scores. Your scores can give you valuable insight into how you can prepare for the SAT. If you’re a high scorer, then you’ll also find out whether you might have qualified for National Merit distinction. To make the most of the testing experience and meet your goals, you should set aside some time in the weeks and months before to study. The PSAT is an odd test, and doing well on it requires that you first acquaint yourself with its idiosyncrasies. Not only will prepping for the PSAT help you realize your goals, but it will also aid you when you eventually take the SAT. All of this effort, after all, is ultimately going toward your plans to get into college. What’s Next? Are you aiming to get a high PSAT score? This guide has all the study tips you need to know to achieve a perfect 1520. Is your goal to earn National Merit scholarship money? Check out this article to learn about all the steps toward becoming a National Merit Finalist and winning scholarship money for college. Besides National Merit, what's a good score on the PSAT?Check out this guide to learn about the PSAT score range,what makes for a good score on the PSAT, and how you can evaluate how strong your score is. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

How To Write A Call To Action With 54 Words + 6 Examples

How To Write A Call To Action With 54 Words + 6 Examples All of your content marketing success hinges on the  bounce and the  conversion. The two exist on a seesaw, the dreaded â€Å"bounce† on one side and â€Å"conversion† on the other. And what is the fulcrum at the center of the two that will determine which way it will tip?  Your call to action- aka  your  marketing CTA. Your content marketing lives and dies based on the success of your CTA. It determines if people take your content and bounce out on their merry way, never to return, or if they leap for the bait and go further into your  sales funnel. Knowing how to write a call to action that  hooks your readers interest is key to your contents survival. Know how to write a #CallToAction? Here are 54 words and 6 examples thatll unlock your #creativity. What Is A Call To Action? A call to action might be as simple as asking someone to: Sign up for your email newsletter. Download  free resources in exchange for an email address. Buy an ebook,  coaching service, or your product. A call to action might be at  the beginning  of a blog post, at the end of a blog post, or sprinkled throughout a landing page. As a marketer, you use a call to action  in any medium- videos, advertisements, blog posts, landing pages, and even social messages. Whatever form it takes, and wherever it appears in your content, a call to action is you providing your reader with some form of actionable task  and usually appears as a button, link within text, or an image of some kind. Whatever form it takes, a call to action  provides your reader with an actionable task. Content marketing is creating content, but with a purpose. All content has the purpose of establishing your expertise and being helpful to your reader so that they come back to you for more.  And of course, content has the purpose of bringing in new readers through  search engines. So  you must include purposeful elements in your content that specifically ask your reader to do something tangible instead of merely feeling warm fuzzies about your brand. You must regularly ask your reader to do something. A call to action not only gets your reader to do something that commits her further to what you are ultimately selling,  it's also something you  can measure. And, if you can  measure  it, you  can test, tweak, and change  it  so you learn more about your audience. Without a call to action, you're wasting your best efforts. Without a call to action, you’re wasting your best efforts and goodwill on readers who probably would take action and who probably would buy but you've  never pushed them to. Without writing a call to action, the most you’ll know about your reader is hits, page views, and bounces. You’ll spread lots of goodwill. But you’ll never make a sale. Recommended Reading: Here’s How You Can Double Your Blog Conversion Rate Right Now How To Write A Call To Action Using Exclusivity And The Undeniable FOMO When it comes to a powerful motivator for your call to action, FOMO, or the fear of missing out, is hard to beat. This is about exclusivity, which generally works in two ways: Only some get in.  By only letting a few get in, you suggest that those who do are lucky, should be thankful, are special, are deserving- anything of this nature. This is about status, namely who’s in and who’s out. In order for this to work, you have to make something amazing enough that people want  to be in on it. Anyone gets in, but with restrictions. Think of data rights management or DRM controls on ebooks and music. The product is available to anyone, but you need specific devices, tools, or access methods to use it. In this way, it's exclusive because you control how people use it and how they  can share or spread it. That fear of missing out taps into several human emotions (some of which we’d rather not admit to). It’s more than just fear because that fear is based in something else: Panic: â€Å"If I miss out, I’ll never know if this could have changed my life!† Greed: â€Å"I have to have everything.† Comparison: â€Å"I don’t want to be the only person without this!† Curiosity: â€Å"Could this possibly be as amazing as they describe?† Pride: â€Å"I got in and you didn’t. Ha ha.† Most of us are almost compulsively driven by these emotions. When you write a call to action, you must tap into these kinds of emotion- the ones that are so connected to exclusivity- because they're what drive people to act when it comes to selling. And when you’re selling something people don’t need  (i.e. food, water, shelter, new washer) and are instead trying to create a want (i.e. you just bought a new shirt, but why not get a few more?), you have to find another motivator for them to part with their money (or their email address). And, oddly, the fear and subsequent emotions that are tied into exclusivity are good ones to use. How To Use Exclusivity And FOMO In Your #CallToAction To Boost ConversionsHow To Put Exclusivity To Work In Your Call To Action Exclusivity rides on one main idea:  If you don’t do something now, you’ll never be able to do it again. You can hint at exclusivity through the words in your call to action. Think of any word or phrase that suggests now: Last chance Limited supply Only a few left Ends tomorrow Limited time only One-time offer Expires soon Urgent Deadline You get the idea. With FOMO, there isn’t time to think. The language all points to action immediately. So Call now  is much better than Call anytime. Recommended Reading: 3 Unusual Ways To Create Exclusive Content That Attracts A Crowd How To Write A Call To Action Using Hope As A Motivation Fear isn’t the only way to get people to act, though it's one of the most powerful. Hope can do the trick, too. First you need to create a sense of desperation. Illustrate just how big a problem  your readers have, and the hope to change it will suddenly make sense. While driving around town and checking errands off of my to-do list this past weekend, I took note of the billboards and signs outside of the stores and restaurants. I said to my friend, who was with me, that there was absolutely nothing that I needed, yet here I was, buying stuff. â€Å"I wouldn’t be dissatisfied with my life and possessions if they didn’t tell me it ought to be so,† I said, a bit annoyed. â€Å"You can’t sell to people who aren’t dissatisfied,† my friend replied. With dissatisfaction comes hope. Or it should, if you’re writing  your call to action correctly. How To Leverage  Hope With  Your Call To Action To tap into hope, you first must suggest hopelessness. By that, I mean you must show the reader that there is a problem, it’s a serious one, and they have it. And then you provide the solution and the hope. â€Å"You’ve tried everything to lose weight, but nothing worked,† is easily countered with, â€Å"Try this safe and proven method that returns results every time, risk free!† In this call to action example, you assure the reader by using the words â€Å"safe† and â€Å"risk free†, and give them hope by suggesting it's â€Å"proven† and â€Å"returns results†. Big problem. Big hope. Once you’ve established this pattern, end with your simplified call to action. â€Å"Start  now and lose 10 pounds in your first month.† Recommended Reading: How To Write The Best Copy Ever With Advice From Junk Mail So ... What Are Those Call To Action Words That Get People To Act? Is it possible that certain words get more conversions than others? It's a good question that has some research behind it- to an extent. So I took a look at five well-researched articles  to pull together a  big  list of call to action words that will help you get more email signups, trials, and sales. This data comes from five  researched articles, and even includes some words that have helped get as much as a  27% conversion rate from our own calls to action: Backlinko's research on building email lists Sprout Social's research on call to action phrases WishPond's research on words to use in call to action buttons Unbounce's research on call to action buttons Unbounce's research on conversion rate optimization 's research from our own landing pages and blog posts Now, many of these sources suggest  testing your own calls to action on your blog and website to see what words perform best with your audience. That is great advice you can put into practice  by using a tool like  Visual Website Optimizer. Start simple: Write two powerful calls to action you will A/B test against one another. Set up the test with Visual Website Optimizer. Give it a week and analyze the data. The results may surprise you, as they've done with us at . 54 Powerful Words To Test In Your #CTAs6 Call To Action Examples To Help You Write  Better CTAs Than Ever Call to action examples are everywhere, so where would you  start? I figured we'd take a look at a few  of the top companies in the world according to Fortune's 500 list (there has to be a reason they're so successful, right?), then dive in to some specific examples that are a bit more content marketing related. Let's do this. 1. Learn More With Apple Like the simplicity of their products, Apple  keeps their calls to action short, clean, and to the point. Learn more and Trade up to a new iPhone are unmistakable in letting Apple's  audience know exactly what they'll see after they click through the call to action. Apple  also doesn't clutter the design: There are clearly only two options to help their users focus on making a decision to click quickly and easily. Lesson Learned: Be clear and concise,  and position your call to action as the  obvious next step. 2. Save With CVS While the design is super busy compared to Apple's example (do I click on Save with Our App, App Store, Google Play, or on the phone itself?!), CVS focuses on the value proposition  in their call to action. Save with Our App  focuses CVS'  audience on the perceived benefit of using the tool, which connects into hope to resolve the dissatisfaction of spending so much money. The headline here- Unlock  extra savings  with app-only deals!- also suggests exclusivity, that you can only experience those benefits if you get the app. They also include the word exclusive in the description, which is a powerful motivator for the fear of missing out. Lesson Learned: Keep your design clean so your users know where to click. Brainstorm the value proposition to answer your readers' inherent question, "What's in it for me?" and tie that into your call to action. 3. Rely On The Visual Like Amazon Who said  you had to write a call to action? The behemoth Amazon focuses on compelling imagery to entice action. In this example, there is really no  traditional call to action that usually begins with a verb. However, Amazon does rock some powerful words with the visual: Now and Limited time offer. Talk about inducing urgency and appealing to the fear of missing out. The visual tells the rest of the story, helping  Amazon shoppers envision themselves in front of an amazing TV with a bowl of popcorn and a couple glasses  of champaign. Would you like to chillax like that, too? Heck yes, you would. And that's why the visual creates a powerful  call to action. It's noteworthy to mention this: Amazon doesn't even show the product they're selling (other than the remote) and focuses the visual mostly  on the experience  you'll feel when you click through the call to action to purchase it.  People don't buy products, they buy experiences. And that's why Amazon crushed  it with this call to action example. Lesson Learned: Literally show the pleasurable  outcome your audience will experience if they just click through your call to action. People don't buy products, they buy experiences. Include the experience in your #CTA.4. Code School Shows Calls To Action Don't Have To Be Super Formal Wondering how to apply calls to action into your blog posts? Write a post that helps your readers do something without you, then  when you can  help them  do it even better, let them know. Code School helps people learn how to code. So when they wrote a post called Why Python? that covered reasons to learn and use the language, they ended the post with a call to action to learn more through the courses Code School offers. The call to action appears as the last paragraph in the blog post, and invites readers to Check out a couple new courses. It's simple, informal, yet informational to teach their audience about the possibilities Code School offers to help their readers  improve. Lesson Learned:  Write a blog post that connects into your product or service. Then end the post  with an informal call to action to work  with you to resolve the problems you just outlined in your post and link to content that introduces  your offering. 5. Wistia Embeds Calls To Action In Videos Do you embed videos in your blog posts? With Wistia, you can add  a Turnstile into your  video  to collect email leads during video play, and you can also include a written call to action and link to related content at the end of your video. Turns out, you can also write a call to action right into your YouTube videos, too, if you're not a Wistia user. Anyway,  this call to action example shows up at the end of a video that explains one element about making post-product process simpler- something Wistia's audience cares a lot about. Wistia  then links to more information on the topic to help their viewers learn more about post-production- which is a part of the video process Wistia as a tool  can help make more efficient. The video appears in lieu of a traditional blog post header graphic. That  means Wistia's audience sees a video right away (which also likely boosts on page time and engagement quite a bit), Wistia shows their quirky brand personality, and they display a  strong call to action immediately. This is a great example of leading an audience deeper into the funnel  from inbound marketing  to demand generation content that positions Wistia as the solution to the problem. Brilliant. Lesson Learned: Strategically think about the next step to bring new users from inbound marketing into demand generation content that positions your product or service as the answer to a problem your audience is facing. Write  calls to action for all of your videos. 6. Create Content-Specific  Calls To Action Like Backlinko Have you seen blog posts that offer something free in exchange for your email address? Somewhere along the lines, marketers started calling those things content upgrades. And they are a super smart way to include a call to action in every blog post to turn the traffic you get into email subscribers. In this call to action example from Backlinko, Brian Dean includes a written CTA in the introduction of his blog post. That is brilliant  because a majority of your audience will read the first 100 words of your post, then maybe skim the rest. Anyway, this call to action is very smart because it relates specifically to the content at hand and not just a generic give-me-your-email-address kinda CTA. Brian relates directly to the challenge his readers want to resolve by writing Get More Email Subscribers, then he uses a powerful word with download. He also promises that what his readers will get behind the call to action will help them quickly execute the 17 strategies from this post, which is very important for the Backlinko blog in particular  because Brian  creates such long-form content. This way, he captures the interest of the too-long-didn't-read (TLDR) audience while also turning them into email subscribers. To top it off, Brian targets another call to action for the 20% of his audience that makes it through the entire blog post to the very end. This time, he lets the visual speak for itself with the power word download, and  includes the emotional word free to describe his  content upgrade. Lesson Learned: Include a  relevant content upgrade at the beginning and end of your blog posts to convert  traffic into email subscribers.  Use your call to action to appeal to the reasons your audience is already interested in the content, packaging a condensed and actionable guide behind the clickthrough. 6 #CallToAction Examples That Will Unlock Your #Creativity! #bloggingPut It All Together: How To Write A  Call To Action With A Compelling  Structure No matter what motivation you use (fear or hope), there are some common ways  that you should use when structuring your call to action. 1. Start with verbs. Verbs are the action words that make it clear to readers what you want them to do. Instead of saying, â€Å"Ready to get started?† simplify it to â€Å"Get started now† or â€Å"Start saving now†. Some verbs are stronger than others. This has to do with the cacophony of the word  (hard K, G, D  sounds) coupled with  the strength of the action suggested in context. The word â€Å"buy† feels stronger and more urgent than â€Å"purchase†. â€Å"Get your copy† is more cacophonous and powerful than â€Å"Download your ebook†. Starting with verbs means starting phrases and sentences, sure, but also the placement of links and call to action buttons. They come first (or nearly first) and should be prominent. Buttons to buy or sign-up should be above the fold, no scrolling required. They should be before the long chunk of explanatory text. Verbs are words of action, and that’s exactly what you want from your readers.2. Take it easy on filler words. Adverbs and adjectives can get in the way of the action you want your readers to take. You should have already done the work of convincing people to take the action before presenting your call to action  to them through blog post or landing page copy. Try your best to avoid words ending in -ly. â€Å"Click here† is better than â€Å"Click here quickly.† There are exceptions, though.  For example, you might hint at exclusivity by saying â€Å"Get your custom ebook now† instead of just â€Å"Get your ebook†. 3. Keep things simple and brief. Use words that are simple, common, and not too long. This isn’t because you think your reader isn’t smart enough to handle anything else, but because you’re trying to prod base emotions. You don’t want anything to get in the way of those simple emotions, particularly requiring readers to consider complex thought processes or scenarios which could distract them or lead them down a path of thought away  from taking action. Avoid buzzwords, jargon, and any word that feels â€Å"empty† and can be ignored by the reader. If you use enough ignorable words in your call to action, your entire call to action runs the risk of being ignored. Steps for a successful #CTA: verb  Ã‚  clarity  Ã‚  simplicity request.If you must use descriptive words, use simple and common words that are emotionally effective. This is no time to go crazy with a thesaurus and impress the world with your vocabulary. The language must not  get in the way of the emotional prodding you’re trying to achieve. Save your thinking words for your blog posts, and focus your call to action on words that are powerful persuaders. Remember simple, basic, and primal words- and not too many words overall- when you make the big request. 4. Make the request simple, too. It’s not just the language of the request that you need to make simple, but the request itself must be easy. One or two clicks to completion. As little pain as possible. If you need more information than a name and email, try to break it up so you capture that email first, get the user into the purchase or into their account, and then collect the rest later. The reason is that you don’t want to give your reader time to change their mind. I don’t know how many times I’ve been at a big box store and, because of too few checkout lanes available, seen people abandon full carts in line and walk out the door. It’s the same with your call to action. The more complicated you make it for readers to complete it, the more likely they’ll find a way to change their mind or forget the driving reason you just convinced them they needed to take action. â€Å"Buy now!† doesn’t feel like â€Å"now† if you make them fill out lots of information, answer a small survey, and click on a reply email to verify. That feels like buying later, and it brings into question the urgency you insisted was necessary to get a reader to take action.

Homicide, Murder and Manslaughter

Homicide, Murder and Manslaughter Homicide, Murder and Manslaughter Homicide, Murder and Manslaughter By Maeve Maddox When the medical examiner on a television drama announced that a death had been ruled a homicide, I used to think homicide was the same as murder. I now know that the words are not synonymous. Homicide is the killing of a human being by another human being. The word derives from the Latin compound homicida, which combines homo (man) with the verb caedere (to kill). Depending upon circumstances, a homicide may or may not be considered murder. The variety of state and national laws makes it difficult to attach specific definitions to words that represent the different kinds of homicide. What follows is a general treatment of these terms. Murder: the deliberate and unlawful killing of a human being. In British law, no degrees of guilt are recognized in murder. US law distinguishes between â€Å"first degree† and â€Å"second degree† murder. What constitutes these degrees, however, differs from state to state. Note: Murder is a word of Germanic origin. In antiquity, when raiding and blood feuds were common, the word murder denoted a killing done in secret, as opposed to homicides done in the open with no attempt at concealment. First Degree Murder: a murder that, because of the circumstances surrounding it, deserves either capital or severe punishment. Any premeditated killing that involves planning is first degree murder. Second Degree Murder: a malicious killing that was not premeditated. This kind of murder is not planned, but results from an angry confrontation or from depraved indifference to human life. One example is that of the neighbor who goes next door merely to complain about a barking dog but finishes by killing the dog’s owner. Another example would be that of a manufacturer who discovers that a product can cause death, but fails to recall it. Felony Murder Doctrine: Any death that occurs during or results from the commission of a felony is first degree murder, and all participants in the felony can be charged with and found guilty of first degree murder, even if only one of them actually did the killing. Manslaughter: Etymologically, manslaughter is the English version of homicide. It derives from an Old English compound that combines man with the OE verb slaeht (act of killing). The Modern English verb slay is related. Unlike homicide, which refers in general to the act of one person killing another, manslaughter refers to unpremeditated killing. Voluntary Manslaughter: the act of killing in the heat of passion. The usual example of this is the man or woman who finds a spouse in bed with another partner. Note: The difference between voluntary manslaughter and second degree murder hinges upon provocation. With first degree murder, the killer came with the intention to kill. With second degree murder, the killer decided on the spot. Either way, the killing is seen as malicious. The legal encyclopedia at Nolo explains that the charge of voluntary manslaughter is â€Å"a concession to human weakness.† The killing may have been intentional, but the provocation was such that could produce a similar emotional reaction in â€Å"any reasonable person.† Involuntary Manslaughter: the act of killing someone unintentionally while engaged in a non-felony. For example, killing someone while driving recklessly is involuntary manslaughter. A burglar who, in surprise at being interrupted, fatally pushes someone down the stairs would probably be charged with involuntary manslaughter- as long as he hasn’t brought a gun to the burglary. I repeat: These descriptions are very general. Anyone in need of precise definitions must consult a lawyer and local statutes. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)The Parts of a WordHow Do You Determine Whether to Use Who or Whom?

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Research Paper Example In this passage, Job seems to suggest that Gods severity on human beings is unjustified. He asserts over and over again that he is innocent and free of sin and challenge’s God’s decision to make him suffer. He questions God and even accuses him of torturing him, irrespective of whether he is virtuous or evil: â€Å"Thou renewest thy witnesses against me, and increasest thine indignation upon me; changes and war are against me† (King James Bible. Job. 8.17). This passage works both integrally in the Old Testament narrative of The Book of Job; as well as a standalone piece. This is because it falls within the dialogue between Job and his friends and is still a complete speech in itself. This particular passage is a distinct part of Job’s reply to Bildad, beginning from Chapter 9, where continues to assert his own innocence against the severity of God. Bildad had previously been appalled at Job’s suggestions and claimed that God does not reject a blameless man: â€Å"Behold, God will not cast away a perfect man, neither will he help the evil doers† (Job. 8.20). This is followed directly with Zophar the Naamathite’s speech, beginning from Chapter 11, which scolds and criticizes Job for attempting to understand God’s mysterious ways of working: â€Å"Canst thou by searching find out God? Canst thou find out the Almighty unto perfection?  It is as high as heaven; what canst thou do? Deeper than hell; what canst thou know?† (Job. 11.7-8). But the shift between speakers is not the only reason behind the autonomy of this passage. Chapter 8 is marked by a change in tone also. Job’s arguments get more fervent and demanding. He accuses God of unjustly punishing him, ignoring his friends and their cautious admonitions. Job goes as far as to wish death upon himself, asserting time and again that he would rather be dead than undergo such suffering. Structurally, The Book of Job has a â€Å"poetic core surrounded by a prose

Business Operation And System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Operation And System - Essay Example Through technology power, the company has come up with new ideas and brand new experiences. The company is recognized due to its variety of products such as online businesses, game, music and picture. It is ranked among the leading company in the globe due to its customer brands. Sony-Ericson mobile phone segment serves a global communications market with original mobile phones, PC-cards and accessories (Worthington and Britton, 2006, p. 37). The company was established following a merger of Sony and Ericson in 2001. Its corporate functions are based in London although the company has a multinational workforce and has research and development centres in Japan, China, Europe and America (Lewis and Slack, 2011, p. 85). Mobile phone products produced by Sony-Ericson have to compete with other products from other major mobile phone manufacturers such as Nokia, Samsung and Alcatel among other manufacturers. Firms vary in many ways, but the common feature is that they are all involved in transformation of raw materials into output by combing various resources such as labour and technology (Worthington and Britton, 2006, p. 30). The transformation process occurs within a setting being influenced by external factors which affects the operation of a company. The exter nal environment is usually volatile, complex, and interactive which cannot be ignored in the analysis of business activity. In the external business environment, PESTLE analysis is critical for it indicates the various external influences the company is facing. PESTLE is an acronym of political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors in the firm’s macro-environment (Worthington and Britton, 2006, p. 38). Following a PESTLE analysis, Sony has been able to respond accordingly to technological advancement to come up with Sony Ericsson Smart Phone. This demonstrates the influence of technological advancement on the operations of a company. Previously, Nokia and Sony had the most superior phones in the market. However, iPhone and Android introduced the smart phones in the market. In addition, there is increased demand for phones in the market and the lifestyle and level of education of the mobile phone users is changing with more users demanding smart pho nes. This influenced Sony Ericsson to turn to manufacturing smart phones in order to meet the customer’s demands. Legislative and prevalence of stability within the market it operates in allows Sony Ericsson to market its products in different countries and to decentralize its research and development offices to Asia, America and Europe (Georgiou, 2006, p. 450). Sony Ericsson never led the way in the manufacture of smart phones but only responded in a similar way to the way its competitors were moving as based on the CATWOE model. CATWOE is based on a principle where a company involved in systems development waits to be given a transformation and information on others involved in the transformation and they way they are involved (Georgiou, 2006, p. 450). Moreover, CATWOE seeks to know why transformation is important and the restrictions when planning to implement change. Sony Ericsson should carry out a CATWOE analysis where using a knowledge database it can analyze the propo sal to transform its operations to manufacture smart phones. CATWOE analysis takes into consideration the external environment of the company and demonstrated that production of smart phone would benefit its customers whose demand for phones able to access the internet faster and run various applications could be met. In addition, Sony would be able to increase its sales. The company in developing its smart phone outsourced the

Media Business Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Media Business Plan - Assignment Example This firm shall be established as per the provisions of Partnership Act 1890 and operating in the capacity of a subsidiary of BPM UK Private Limited but shall be operating independent of JUNCTURE PRODUCTIONS. The name "BLANK PAGE MEDIA UK PRIVATE LIMITED" has been assessed and found to compliant to the regulations by Company Names (GBF2) version 20 (as per enactment and subsequent modifications by the Companies Act 2006 and as per the terms stated in version 20 of GBF2 and version 17 of GBF3). However, the feasibility of using this name shall be verified by a reputed independent consultant to assess and report any possible claim of this name as a brand or intellectual property that may cause possible breach of laws (example, Law of Intellectual Property, Law of Confidentiality or any such equivalent law that may expose the organization to risks of local or global litigation) if we use this name for our company. The other two names are being used in the form of partnership firms. These names need not be matched with the existing list of companies as they are going to be established in the capacity of Partnership firms; however the external consultant would be requested to verify if these names do not breach anyone's intellectual property rights or confidentiality rights (and also are in compliance with the rules stated in version 17 of GBF3). [Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR). 2008] The following section presents the proposed Management structure of the three companies: MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE BPM UK Private Limited shall have two members in the management - David Beckford and Shavan Sharif. Both the members shall be entitled for 40% shares each in the company whereby 20% shares shall be reserved for providing share options to employees in future. The organization structure of this company is presented in Figure 1. David Beckford and Shavan Sharif would form the board in the capacity of Directors. In addition, a company secretary and legal advisor shall be involved in the board on a part time basis. The financial auditors shall be kept out of the board due to conflict of interest aspect of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Figure 1: Organization Chart of BPM UK Private Limited The following four documents shall be prepared in accordance with the regulations of Company Formation (GBF1) version 22 (as per enactment and subsequent modifications by the Companies Act 2006 and as per the terms stated in version 22 of GBF1), reviewed by a hired Attorney and presented to Companies House: (a) Memorandum of Association (b) Articles of Association (c) Completed Form 10 (d) Completed Form 12 Post formation of the company, the organization shall be established as presented in Fig

You Are an Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

You Are an Entrepreneur - Essay Example My business will be referred to as Business Post Enterprise. With the increased demand for information relating to formation and running of enterprises, I realized that my writing hobby can be converted to a business that will involve writing business articles on a magazine that is known as Business Post. In this way, I will be in a position to provide the information that is needed by individuals who intend to venture into small and middle level businesses. Additionally, I am focused at creating advertising spaces that will create an opportunity for the existing and new firms to advertise their products. It is worth to note that with the current cut-throat competition, most firms have turned into extensive advertisement in order to create a strong customer awareness thus increasing their sales. In this regard, my objective is to capture that market segment and provide adequate advertising spaces that will meet the needs of my clients. In order to achieve my goals, I will require a w orkforce that is experienced and adequately motivated. Members of staff will include office administrator, advertising manager, sales executives, messengers, writers, information technology expert, receptionist, driver, an accountant and a cleaner. My duty will be to manage the whole business. The office administrator will oversee the general running of the office as well as the evaluation of the other workers. The advertising manager on the other hand will ensure that orders have properly been acquired by the sales executives, advertisement artworks are received on time, leading the sales executives as well as organizing interviews with the customers. The sales executives will be responsible for contacting the potential clients both the one seeking to advertise and those who need to purchase the magazine copies. Messengers will be responsible for taking the magazines to the customers as well as taking correspondents

Cognitive Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cognitive Psychology - Essay Example The authors’ main research questions were: If updating is the automatic result of locomotion, would people have ease or difficulty with ignoring their locomotion when walking without vision? If updating was an optional process that only occurred as the result of deliberate and effortful cognitive processing, would people find the task easy? Is the performance of people walking without vision better in the updating condition when they are told to ignore their locomotion? Is there was any difference in performance when people walked blindly to near targets compared to far targets? Are people able to overcome the information specifying their real positions in space and temporarily by adopting a different perspective, when they are given enough time to carry out the necessary cognitive operations? First hypothesis of the research was that: Performance of people while updating their spatial relationships is better as compared to when they are told to ignore their locomotion. The third hypothesis was that: If subjects can retrospectively overcome the earlier automatic spatial updating, then their performances in the ignoring condition should improve relative to the updating condition. These hypotheses were justified on the basis of background research and theory, because the authors have given an extensive review of literature citing other researchers’ works, and explaining them in order to support the need to conduct this specific research. They have cited literature which discusses the automatic updating of non-visual spatial relationships. The population of interest was young people. The sample for the first experiment included ten student volunteers from the Strathclyde University Psychology Department; and, the sample for the second experiment included ten other student volunteers from the same department and university. The sample was not very

Batson v. Kentucky 476 U.S. 79 (1986) Case Study

Batson v. Kentucky 476 U.S. 79 (1986) - Case Study Example In this case, the peremptory challenge that was laid before the court in order to remove all Black representatives in the jury and this was done so without a valid cause. Although the defense tried to object to the jury set up prior to the jury being sworn in, the judge in the case over-ruled their motion stating that the peremptory challenge could be used against anybody that the court felt it should be used against (Batson v. Kentucky). After the decision of the court came out, the defense went to the supreme court to raise their objection once again to the fact that Mr. Batson was tried by a jury composed solely of Whites and therefore, was not truly represented by a jury of his peers as the law promised all of the accused in a jury trial. Supreme Court Justice Powell held the decision that the 14th Amendment was violated in this instance and that in no case can the prosecution ever use a peremptory challenge without stating a valid reason for doing so. The state must always support its claim to have a juror removed with a valid cause. However, a dissenting opinion was voiced by Supreme Court Justice Berger, who believed that although the burden of proof lay within the responsibility of the state, the Equal Protection clause was not violated in this case. Justice Marshall further bolstered the claim of Justice Berger by indicating that the peremptory challenge cannot be used to distort the jury process by exclusion on racial grounds (Batson v. Kentucky). Having now come to an understanding that a peremptory challenge cannot be instigated simply on a whim by either the prosecution or defense, it is important to understand that such a challenge is not the same as a â€Å"challenge for cause†. To make things clearer, let us first differentiate the meaning of the two legal terms. â€Å"... the right of the plaintiff and the defendant in a jury trial to have a juror dismissed before trial without

Cognitive Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cognitive Psychology - Essay Example The authors’ main research questions were: If updating is the automatic result of locomotion, would people have ease or difficulty with ignoring their locomotion when walking without vision? If updating was an optional process that only occurred as the result of deliberate and effortful cognitive processing, would people find the task easy? Is the performance of people walking without vision better in the updating condition when they are told to ignore their locomotion? Is there was any difference in performance when people walked blindly to near targets compared to far targets? Are people able to overcome the information specifying their real positions in space and temporarily by adopting a different perspective, when they are given enough time to carry out the necessary cognitive operations? First hypothesis of the research was that: Performance of people while updating their spatial relationships is better as compared to when they are told to ignore their locomotion. The third hypothesis was that: If subjects can retrospectively overcome the earlier automatic spatial updating, then their performances in the ignoring condition should improve relative to the updating condition. These hypotheses were justified on the basis of background research and theory, because the authors have given an extensive review of literature citing other researchers’ works, and explaining them in order to support the need to conduct this specific research. They have cited literature which discusses the automatic updating of non-visual spatial relationships. The population of interest was young people. The sample for the first experiment included ten student volunteers from the Strathclyde University Psychology Department; and, the sample for the second experiment included ten other student volunteers from the same department and university. The sample was not very

Multimedia Design †iOS vs. Android Essay Example for Free

Multimedia Design – iOS vs. Android Essay iOS ‘i’ stands for ‘Internet’. The term iOS was originally known as iPhone OS and was introduced in 2007 along with the first iPhone hardware device Apple released. It was the term used to describe the software that would operate the iPhone and is derived from the term OS X, which is how Apple describes its operating system for its Macintosh computers. The X stands for 10 which is the newest version of the computer software Apple created to operate the desktop and laptop computers they design. The iOS platform is a mobile-device-based software system that works like a computer system, but on mobile devices like portable phones. It is designed to be smaller, faster and use less power. It also has a touch friendly user interface so it works better when a finger is used to interface with the system instead of a mouse or stylus that has been used in the past to interact with operating systems. The iPhone has run on iOS since its release in 2007. Designed for use with Apple’s multi-touch devices, iOS supports input through direct manipulation. The system responds to various user gestures, such as pinching, tapping and swiping. Other iOS features include: Integrated search support enables simultaneous search through files, media, applications and email. Gesture recognition supports, for example, shaking the device to undo the most recent action. Google Maps direction services. Push email. Safari mobile browser. Integrated camera and video. Integrated media player. Direct access to the Apple Store’s catalogue of applications, music, podcasts, television shows and movies. Compatibility with Apple’s cloud service, iCloud. History 2007: iPhone OS 1 Revealed alongside the original iPhone in January 2007, the first Apple  smartphone operating system was not given a specific name until the following March, with the launch of the first Software Development Kit beta., when it became known as iPhone OS. The first iPhone could not support 3G, the copy and paste function, email attachments or MMS and couldnt run third party apps. Further updates included the introduction of the iTunes Music Store, allowing users to purchase music directly onto their phones (through a Wi-Fi connection) for the first time, and the ability to create their own ringtones. 2008: iPhone OS 2 Coinciding with the launch of the iPhone 3G, the second major update to the operating system saw the launch of the App Store, leading to the introduction of third party apps and games. Full support for Microsoft Exchange and the option to wipe your phone in the event of failing to enter your passcode were other new features, the latter being added in a subsequent update. Google Street View was enabled with the 2.2 update, featuring walking, driving and public transport options. 2009: iPhone OS 3 With the third incarnation for the new 3GS handset, the cut, copy and paste function finally became commonplace, alongside the long-awaited push notifications for third party apps. Video recording, MMS (multimedia messaging service) and voice control were also added, and users were given the chance to purchase films, TV shows and audiobooks through iTunes. Spotlight search enabled more comprehensive search through email, contacts, calendar, notes and within music, and the new voice memo function facilitated the recording and storing of audio notes. Purchasing within apps was also introduced, but only within paid-for apps. The 3.2 version contained a raft of improvements designed for use with the newly released iPad. While not supporting general multitasking, it was made to accommodate the differing resolution of a larger screen than the iPhone, as well as revamping apps specifically for the new platform. 2010: iOS 4 Introduced on June 21 2010, iOS 4 was the first operating system to bear the iOS name, released on the new flagship iPhone 4. Its folder system accommodated the storing of up to 12 similar apps within one mother folder,  while multitasking allowed apps to run simultaneously, such as writing an email while listening to Spotify, and navigation apps continuing to track your location in the background. iBooks, Apples ebook-reading software, and its parent iBookstore was introduced, and the improved 5MP iPhone 4 camera was complemented by tap to focus software and 5x digital zoom. The devices new front-facing camera also facilitated video calling feature FaceTime. 2011: iOS 5 2011 saw the launch of the iPhone 4S and with it, iOS 5. The main new feature was Siri, Apples voice-activated virtual assistant that had previously been downloadable from the App Store as a third party app. Now integrated into the OS, Siri now communicated with other apps to make calls, check emails and transcribe text. Containing more than 200 new features, iOS 5 heralded the arrival of iOS user messaging system iMessage, Twitter integration across a range of apps and online storage facility iCloud, replacing previous system MobileMe. 2012: iOS 6 Tim Cook took to the stage at Apples 2012 WorldWide Developers Conference shocked fans by announcing that Google Maps would not feature in latest incarnation iOS 6, and would be replaced by the companys own inbuilt Maps app. Siri also received a makeover, featuring restaurant recommendations, the ability to dictate tweets or Facebook statuses and film reviews. A year after Twitter integration into Apples native apps, Facebook was added to the fold, and Apple launched its answer to Google Wallet, Passbook, will collated tickets, boarding passes and coupons within the single app. 2013: iOS 7 iOS 7 marked a radical aesthetic departure for Apple, masterminded by Sir Jony Ive, and debuted on the twin release of the iPhones 5s and 5c. The new flattened and pared-back user interface drew praise and criticism in equal measures. The single-swipe control centre feature allowed users to quickly access key settings such as WiFi, Airplane mode, Bluetooth and the newly-introduced torch without having to delve into the Settings menu. Siri was upgraded to both male and female voices, and redesigned to understand French and German. Other changes included a new camera interface with a  square photo mode, full multitasking for all apps and new wallpapers. 2014: iOS 8 Announced at the 2014 WWDC conference in June, iOS 8 will feature new frameworks HealthKit and HomeKit, integrating apps to track health data and the standardisation of controlling internet-enabled home appliances. It is expected to ship on the iPhone 6, which Apple is believed to be preparing to announce at next weeks special event in San Francisco. Other new features include being able to sent audio and video messages by holding down a record button while inside the Messages app, new predictive typing feature QuickType and the new and improved file hosting service iCloud Drive. Features With an easy-to-use interface, amazing features and security at its core, iOS 8 is the foundation of iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. It’s designed to look beautiful and work beautifully, so even the simplest tasks are more engaging. And because iOS 8 is engineered to take full advantage of the advanced technologies built into Apple hardware, your devices are always years ahead — from day one to day whenever. Elegant and intuitive interface From the moment you pick up iPhone, iPad or iPod touch, you know how to use it. That’s because iOS was designed to be easy to understand. The simple-yet-beautiful Home screen invites you to discover each of the built-in apps. So straight away, you’re browsing your favourite websites, capturing a few candids or texting your friends. And no matter what you’re doing or what app you’re using, everything feels easy, intuitive and even fun. Built-in features and apps that make your device — and you — more capable iOS and an ever-expanding collection of features and built-in apps make iPhone, iPad and iPod touch even more powerful, innovative and a joy to use. 1. Photos Every photo you take is ready to edit and share in seconds, straight from your iOS device. And you can search for your favourite photos by time, location and album, or browse by Collections and Moments — smart groupings of your photos and videos based on time and place. 2. Me ssages Messages lets you send any kind of message, any way you want to send it. Tap to add your voice to a conversation. Send a video of what you’re seeing the  moment you’re seeing it. And now you can manage your group conversations by naming them, adding and removing contacts, muting them or leaving them altogether. 3. Music When it comes to your music, this is home base. Create playlists for every mood. Or let Genius do it for you. 4. Maps Apple-designed from the ground up (and the sky down), this built-in app shows you incredible detail — even at full zoom. Maps keeps street names where they belong and keeps you heading in the right direction with spoken turn-by-turn navigation. 5. Face Time With a tap, you can make video calls or audio-only calls from your iPhone or iPad to someone else’s. And you can do it over Wi-Fi or cellular networks. So you can be there, even when you’re not there. 6. Safari It’s the world’s most popular mobile browser. Safari puts the focus where it should be: the web. When you open a web page, the address and navigation bars move out of the way until you need them. Bookmarks are easy to add and edi t, and features like Reading List, Shared Links and iCloud Tabs let you get to the content you need when you need it. 7. AirDrop Sharing with AirDrop is faster and more convenient than an email or a text, especially when the person you want to share with isn’t in your Contacts. Just tap to send photos, videos, contacts — and anything else from any app with a Share button — to anyone nearby who’s also running iOS 8 or OS X Yosemite. 8. Health Now your activity tracker, heart rate monitor, and other health and fitness apps can talk to each other. Which means they’ll be able to work even harder for you. And all the information is accessible in one easy-to-read dashboard. 9. AirPlay AirPlay lets you wirelessly stream what’s on your iOS device to your HDTV and speakers via Apple TV. Or mirror exactly what’s on your display to the big screen. Holiday photos, blockbusters, the latest games — you choose how to go large. Hardware and software made for each other. Because Apple makes both the hardware and the operating system for iPad, iPhone and iPod touch, everything is designed to work together. So apps take full advantage of hardware features such as the dual-core processor, accelerated graphics, wireless antennas and more. Multitasking is a perfect example. iOS learns when you like to use your apps and updates the content in them at power-efficient times, like when your device is already in use and connected to Wi-Fi. So the content in your favourite apps stays up to  date without a major drain on your battery. With the App Store, there’s almost no limit to what your iOS device can do. iOS is the platform for well over a million mobile apps — and counting. And every app starts with the right DNA. So we’ve made iOS 8 the biggest release for developers since the introduction of the App Store. It offers new APIs to enable even more amazing features and bold new technologies for game development. And the App Store makes all of these apps easy to access, easy to search and easy to buy using the same account you use for iTunes. Just browse the App Store on your iOS device and download them with a tap. iCloud. Everything you need. Anywhere you need it. iCloud makes sure all your devices always have the latest versions of your most important things, including documents, apps, contacts, calendar events and more. iCloud Drive lets you access all your files from any device. With Family Sharing, all your photos, videos, music and iTunes purchases can be shared easily with your family across multiple Apple devices. Find My iPhone helps you locate your lost iPhone, iPad, iPod touch or Mac. And iCloud Keychain securely remembers your user names, passwords and credit card information so you don’t have to. Easy to update. iOS updates are free. And they’re available to download wirelessly on your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch the moment they’re released. Your device even alerts you when it’s time to get the latest version. So you won’t miss out on all the amazing features in new updates. Safety and security come standard. iOS provides built-in security from the moment you turn on your device. That’s because the hardware, firmware and operating system come with built-in features designed to help your device — and what you put on it — stay safe. 1. Security. Malware and viruses aren’t confined to desktops anymore. They can infect mobile devices too. Which is why Apple takes security seriously when it comes to iOS. For starters, hardware and firmware features are designed to protect against malware and viruses, while iOS features help to secure your  personal information. Touch ID lets you use your fingerprint as a passcode, preventing unauthorised access to your device. When you use a passcode, it automatically encrypts and protects your email, calendar events, contacts, reminders, notes, messages and third-party apps. 2. Privacy. iOS is designed to put your privacy first. If an app wants your location information or data from Calendar, Contacts, Reminders or Photos, it needs your permission first. And you have complete control of how Health and HealthKit use your data. Your conversations over iMessage and FaceTime are encrypted, including predictive text. So no-one but you and the person you’re talking to can see or read what’s being said. And features built into Safari give you the ability to browse privately, block cookies and prevent websites from tracking you. 3. Find My iPhone Activation Lock. Your iPhone is your iPhone, no matter where it is. The same goes for your iPad and iPod touch. Because security features in iOS make it very difficult for anyone who’s not you to use or sell your device. Turning off Find My iPhone or erasing your device requires your Apple ID and password. Find My iPhone can also continue to display a customised message, even after your device is erased. And your Apple ID and password are required before anyone can reactivate it. 4. iCloud Keychain. Most of the websites you visit nowadays require user names and passwords. Remembering them all can be tough, but you can let iCloud Keychain do it for you. It stores your website user names and passwords on the devices you’ve approved, protects them with robust 256-bit AES encryption and keeps them up to date on each device. Then it automatically fills them in whenever and wherever you need them. Password Generator can even suggest unique, hard-to-guess passwords for your online accounts. iCloud Keychain works with credit card information too, so checking out takes no time at all. Accessibility built in. iOS includes a variety of accessibility features that help people with disabilities experience more of what iPhone, iPad and iPod touch have to  offer. The built-in VoiceOver screen reader allows those who are blind or have low vision to hear a description of the item they’re touching on the screen. Made for iPhone Hearing Aids are Bluetooth devices that allow you to experience clearer phone conversations and music, and you can manage them directly from your iOS device. With Guided Access, you can restrict an iOS device to one app, and even limit the amount of time spent in an app. Which can be helpful to people with autism or other attention and sensory challenges. And Switch Control gives individuals with limited physical or motor skills complete control of their device through switch access. iOS also offers many other beneficial accessibility features, such as dynamic screen magnification, playback of closed-captioned video, mono audio, simplified screen gestures and more . iOS knows many languages. iPhone, iPad and iPod touch support keyboard and dictionary functions for multiple languages and dialects. Switch languages on the fly.  iOS lets you take your pick of over 35 system languages and easily switch between them. Because the keyboard is software-based, you can select from over 55 different layouts with support for diacritic marks on characters, and contextual character options for Japanese. VoiceOver reads screens in more than 35 languages, and Voice Control understands over 20 languages. Advantages 1. Camera Camera Shoot in burst mode, only click on capture and then press volume button You can take Picture continuously. 2. Multitasking The phone has multitasking features. User can running two or more Apps at a same time. 3. Airdrop You can do sharing of document and Apps with the desktop by Wi-Fi. You can share document at a time with multiple people. 4. iBeacon iBeacon facility is newly added in iOS7. The sharing of document and Apps by the sensor via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). 5. Automatic Update The iOS 7 update regularly with their application. It also has manually update options. 6. High Speed The iOS 7 has provide high speed to idevises . 7. Kids Categories The iOS 7 has children and parents according applications. The new features has a new part of the App Store. 8. Automatic Backgrounds Refresh In iOS 7 Background refresh regularly get refresh. And it refresh its All application. 9. Out of the way interfaces User can make interface  with friends by different ways. 10. Delete Clutter iOS 7 has delete Clutter and textures automatic. By this facility iOS 7 is safe with any Malware. Android Introducing Android. The worlds most powerful mobile platform. Theres no other software quite like Android. Google engineered Android, and Google’s own apps run best on it. And with millions of apps, games, songs, and videos on Google Play, Android is great for fun, and for getting things done. Android devices come in all kinds of sizes, with all sorts of features, and at all sorts of prices. Each version of Android is named after a dessert, and the most recent version of Android is Jelly Bean. With Android, you’re in control of your mobile experience. Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries around the world. Its the largest installed base of any mobile platform and growing fast—every day another million users power up their Android devices for the first time and start looking for apps, games, and other digital content. Android gives you a world-class platform for creating apps and games for Android users everywhere, as well as an open marketplace for distributing to them instantly. History V1.0- Marked the first commercial release of Android. At this time it was not widely available but had many new features that were important and still used today. These included Android Market for application upates and for new Applications Web Browser for full XTML/HTML web browsing. Google Apps full set of app by Google(Mail,SMS,Maps etc.) V1.1- This was a update to 1.0 that had many bug fixes and added a few features such as a Maps update. It was only available for ther T-Mobile G1. V1.5 or Cupcake was released in April 2009. It had several new approvements. Among the new features were Widgets for embedded small apps Contacts improvements including the pictures added to ever contact Animations for smooth scrolling and screen changes Bluetooth support update for audio pairing and sharing V1.6 or Donut was released in September of 2009 and had many improvements Voice and Text Improvements Touch Screen improvements Multi select for photos Camera access improvements and faster access Search Option for faster access V2.0/2.0.1/2.1 or Eclair was released in Oct 2009 and had several improvements and looks remarkably similar to today’s Android versions. Bluetooth 2.1 support Hardware and U.I. improvements Calendar improvements for date and not settings Account Sync improvements allow user to sync cultivable account on one phone Multi Touch improvements to allow better multitouch support Screen size and contrast improvements. Include bigger screens and better contrast ratios Android 2.2/2.2.1/2.2.2/2.2.3 or Frozen Yogurt (Froyo) was released May of 2010 and improved on many features. There were many key features in this version of Android including Adobe Flash support for rich web content Speed and memory improvements Cloud messaging support USB tethering Multi Language support Bluetooth dock and car support WiFi hotspots support JIT Compilation for application speed improvements 2.3/2.3./2.3.3./2.3.4 or Gingerbread was released in December of 2010 and as of the time of this writing has become the most widely used Android version. Some of the new features included U.I. or Interface improvements gave it a more simple but quicker interface Virtual Keyboard updated and improved for  a better and faster layout. copy/paste enhancements where a user could just press and hold New Codec support for more audio/video formats Power Management enhancements gyroscope/barometers support input enhancements for game developers V 3.0/3.1/3.2 or Honeycomb was released in Feb of 2011 and was a tablet(and later Google TV) only release. Some of its features included Holographic interface that was optimized for a tablet U.I. Improved keyboard support for larger screens Multi Core processor support Hardware acceleration for faster hardware view gallery in full screen interface System bar for better multitasking that allows you to switch from one app to another. Resizable home screen widgets(3.1+) external keyboard/mouse support (3.1+) FLAC audio codec support (3.1+) Android 4.0/4.01 was first released in Oct 2011 and was a major improvment upon both 2.x and 3.x. It blended both interfaces and had full support for both phones and tablets. Some of the notable features included Folder system improvements making easier to create. Launcher improved to be customizable Tabbed Browsing improved to allow up to 16 tabs facial recognition support to locking/unlocking phone photo editor built in to Android 4.x Android Beam support to share contacts and files Chrome Bookmark sync support Wi-Fi direct support to connect with other users without access point User Interface hardware acceleration for faster access. Android 4.1 Android Jellybean saw full release in early 2012 and improved on Android 4.0 in many ways. It took the common features of Android 4.0 and made it more fluid. Some features include: Browser has improved performance, CPU and memory efficiency Full HTML 5 support to bring Android up to new web standards Calendar is improved and has features blend with one another bidirectional text means more input languages to make the platform accessible to more people around the world. dictionaries are now more accurate and more relevant A update to Android 4.1 is now available. It is still counted as Jellybean but updated to new features that include: Photo Sphere allows you to use take 360 degree pictures among other new camara features Gesture Typing lets you type much faster but takes some getting used to but can make typing much faster. Google Now updated with new features Android 5.0 Key Lime Pie rumored to be the next version of Android. Global partnerships and large installed base Building on the contributions of the open-source Linux community and more than 300 hardware, software, and carrier partners, Android has rapidly become the fastest-growing mobile OS. Every day more than 1 million new Android devices are activated worldwide. Android’s openness has made it a favorite for consumers and developers alike, driving strong growth in app consumption. Android users download more than 1.5 billion apps and games from Google Play each month. With its partners, Android is continuously pushing the boundaries of hardware and software forward to bring new capabilities to users and developers. For developers, Android innovation lets you build powerful, differentiated applications that use the latest mobile technologies. Powerful development framework Easily optimize a single binary for phones, tablets, and other devices. Android gives you everything you need to build best-in-class app experiences. It gives you a single application model that lets you deploy your apps broadly to hundreds of millions of users across a wide range of devices—from phones to tablets and beyond. Android also gives you tools for creating apps that look great and take advantage of the hardware capabilities available on each device. It automatically adapts your UI to  look its best on each device, while giving you as much control as you want over your UI on different device types. For example, you can create a single app binary thats optimized for both phone and tablet form factors. You declare your UI in lightweight sets of XML resources, one set for parts of the UI that are common to all form factors and other sets for optimzations specific to phones or tablets. At runtime, Android applies the correct resource sets based on its screen size, density, locale, and so on. To help you develop efficiently, the Android Developer Tools offer a full Java IDE with advanced features for developing, debugging, and packaging Android apps. Using the IDE, you can develop on any available Android device or create virtual devices that emulate any hardware configuration. Open marketplace for distributing your apps Google Play is the premier marketplace for selling and distributing Android apps. When you publish an app on Google Play, you reach the huge installed base of Android. As an open marketplace, Google Play puts you in control of how you sell your products. You can publish whenever you want, as often as you want, and to the customers you want. You can distribute broadly to all markets and devices or focus on specific segments, devices, or ranges of hardware capabilities. You can monetize in the way that works best for your business—priced or free, with in-app products or subscriptions—for highest engagement and revenues. You also have complete control of the pricing for your apps and in-app products and can set or change prices in any supported currency at any time. Beyond growing your customer base, Google Play helps you build visibility and engagement across your apps and brand. As your apps rise in popularity, Google Play gives them higher placement in weekly top charts and rankings, and for the best apps promotional slots in curated collections. Preinstalled on hundreds of millions of Android devices around the world, Google Play can be a growth engine for your business. Features Take Google with you. Take Google with you on your mobile device: all the Google products you know and love, designed to work best on Android phones and tablets. Search the web The fastest, easiest way to find what you need on the web and your phone or tablet. Enjoy the power of Google search wherever you are. With Google Now, get just the right information at just the right time. Browse fast on your Android phone or tablet with Chrome. Bring your personalized Chrome experience with you anywhere you go. Navigate your World Never get lost as you go to new places and old favorites. Get voice-guided turn-by-turn GPS navigation to your destination, powerful local search with full place reviews and summaries from Zagat editors, detailed maps with 3D buildings, live traffic information and more with Google Maps for Android. Connect Share Stay connected and share epic moments as they happen. Start a group video chat on the go with up to nine people at once with Google+ Hangouts, and never lose another mobile photo with Instant Upload. Be entertained Get all your apps entertainment in one place. Google Play brings you the worlds largest collection of eBooks, millions of songs, thousands of movies and TV shows, and a growing selection of magazines – plus over 600,000 apps and games. With Google Play, you can now read, listen and watch anywhere you want — on your tablet, phone, or on the web at play.google.com — no wires, no syncing and no storage costs. YouTube puts millions of videos at your fingertips, available on the go wherever you are. Create Collaborate Google Drive gives you one place to create, share, collaborate and keep your stuff, accessible on all your devices. With Gmail, get smarter email wherever you are, integrated with contacts and apps on your Android phone or tablet. Your stuff, always available, no wires needed. When you sign in to your phone or tablet with Google, you can access all of your Google stuff (contacts, photos, Gmail and more) quickly and easily. You can also enjoy all of your favorite entertainment across your Android devices and even your computer — no wires, no syncing. Play everywhere you go. Google Play is the easiest way to enjoy all your favorites: more than 700,000 apps and games, millions of songs, thousands of movies and TV shows, the worlds largest collection of eBooks, and a growing selection of magazines. With Google Play, theres no wires, no hassle, just pure entertainment. You can now read, listen and watch anywhere you want—on your tablet, phone, or in any browser at play.google.com. Powerful, simple, and beautiful Millions of people use Android because it’s so powerful yet still so easy. The home screen, apps, and widgets are simple to use right out of the box, but completely customizable. With Android, you can create a unique mobile experience that’s just right for you. Widgets Put the important stuff right within reach and interact with your favorite apps directly from your home screen with widgets — see the latest sport scores, view your favorite photos, check the weather or peek at your inbox all without having to open different apps or leave the home screen. Notifications An easy-to-read notification tray gives you quick access to your calls, incoming texts, and new emails in a non-intrusive way. Multi-tasking With Android, you can quickly and seamlessly switch between apps and pick up whatever you were doing. Juggling multiple tasks at once on a mobile device has never been easier. Voice typing and actions Control your Android device with your voice. Simply touch the microphone on the keyboard and start talking to write emails, SMS, or any other text — more than 30 languages supported. Text appears in real time, so there’s no waiting. Photos and videos Capture special moments with great photos and videos, explore your shots and quickly share your favorites in any way that you want.